Disorders of Immune System

The immune system is essential for our survival. However, some situations may arise where this system does not function well. Immune system disorders may be the starting point of many diseases. Sometimes, the immune system is too weak and unable to efficiently fight infections: the immune system is too aggressive and attack harmless elements of the environment: this is the case of allergies.

(Dakroub, 2011)

• Allergies:

When you immune fail to tolerate some malfunctions this results in immune disorders or diseases. One of these most familiar disorders is allergy. Some allergies such as hay fever and hives might be attributed to antibody called ‘IgE;. Whenever any person is going to be affected with allergy such as grass pollen allergy or other allergy, the B cells will be forming the ‘IgE’ adding to it the grass pollen. These ‘IgE’ molecules will be connected to granule-containing cells which are called as mast cells, which are found in large amount in the lungs, skin, tongue and other internal linings of the body. The second time the person is in contact with the grass pollen, these ‘IgE’ that are engaged with the mast cells will produce powerful chemical that will cause the person to the initiation of what is known as allergy symptoms that some are wheezing , sneezing and other symptoms to occur(National Cancer Institute, 2009).

Allergic Reaction Animation; Video taken from (Mastake Molrybro, 2014)

Allergy is one of Immune disorder
Image from (National Cancer Institute, 2009)

References 

National Cancer Institute. (2009, September 1). Understanding Cancer Series: The Immune System - TheBody.com. Retrieved from http://www.thebody.com/content/art6319.html.

Dakroub, R. N. (2011). Life and Earth Sciences (Basic Edition, Grade Eight ed.). Lebanon, Sin El Fil: Center for Educational Resarch and Development, Educational Company.

Mastake Molrybro. (2014, March 14). Allergic Reaction Animation - Allergy Physiology symptoms, treatment, medicine [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=adgwtHzQXgo.

Specific Immune Respone

The Specific* immune response is the second line of defense of the immune system against foreign bodies. It is carried out by the T and B lymphocytes that, unlike phagocyte, have sophisticated mechanisms of the antigen identification.

Cell-mediated Specific Immune Response : Graft Rejection
Humoral* Specific Immune Response : Rejection of Blood Transfusion Dakroub,(2011).

1- Cell-mediated Specific Immune Response : Graft Rejection

When an individual receives a graft * of his own skin (auto-graft) or from his identical twin
(iso-graft) the graft is rapidly integrated into the surrounding skin. However, a skin skin graft from another individual (allo-graft) is usually rapidly destroyed: it is rejected. Rejection is due to the fact that the immune system recognizes the graft as foreign that is different from ''self''. While a skin atuo-graft succeeds most of the time, in allo-graft transplantation( heart , kidney, liver, etc..) present a high failure risk. This is due to the rejection of the donor graft by the recipient's immune system.

* Specific: refers to an immune response that is customized to the intruder identity.

* Humoral: Relating  to the 'humors' an old name of plasma.

*Graft: tissue or organ transferred from one site to another in the same individual or from one individual to another Dakroub,(2011).

Transplantation (GuruKPO, 2012)

Skin Graft Response after Auto-graft and Allo-graft
.Image from Life and Earth Science book, 8th grade.

2- Humoral Specific Immune Response: Rejection of Blood Transfusion 

ABO blood groups are determined by :

• The presence of antigens, called agglitinogens* A and B, on the surface of red blood cells
• The presence of innate* antibodies, called agglutinins, specific to these antigens, in the plasma.

*Agglitinogen: membrane molecules of red blood cells that determines blood groups
*innate: present at birth.

Agglutinogens and agglutinins

Image from (PHYSIOLOGY OF LEUKOCYTES. BLOOD TYPES, 2013)

This video about ABO Blood Types and Transfusions 

from (Dennis Jones, 2014)

References

Dakroub, R. N. (2011). Life and Earth Sciences (Basic Edition, Grade Eight ed.). Lebanon, Sin El Fil: Center for Educational Resarch and Development, Educational Company.
GuruKPO. (2012, October 11). Transplantation: A general view. Retrieved November 30, 2014, from http://www.blog.gurukpo.com/transplantation-a-general-view.


PHYSIOLOGY OF LEUKOCYTES. BLOOD TYPES. (2013, March). Agglutinogens and agglutinins. Retrieved from http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/normal_phiz/classes_stud/en/nurse/Bacchaour%20of%20sciences%20in%20nurses/ADN/08_Physiology_of_leukocytes.files/image024.jpg.