Phagocytosis

Granulocytes and Macrophages attack all microbes equally well, regardless of their nature, by Phagocytosis (from Greek: Phagein= eat: cytos= cell)

The Inflammatory reaction is a rapid, local and protective immune response that relies mostly on phagocytosis. It constitutes the first line of defense against the aggressor. Since it is identical whatever the aggressor is, it is said to be non-specific*(Dakroub, 2011).

* Non-Specific: refers to an immune response that does not depend on the intruder's identity. 

In phagocytosis, or 'cell eating' the cell engulfs debris, bacteria, or other sizable objects. Phagocytosis occurs in specialized cells called phagocytes, which include macrophages, neutrophils, and other white blood cells. Invagination produces a vesicle called a phagosome, which usually fuses with one or more lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes. Materials in the phagosome are broken down by these enzymes and degraded (Pearson Education, 2012).

Summary of the Phagocytic Pathway
 Image from baiduyy.com

Process of Phagocytosis 

Image from (Biology / Medicine Animations HD, 2014)

References:

Pearson Education. (2012, February 12). Concept 2 Review: Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis.Retrieved November 30, 2014, from http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/biomembrane2/mediated.html.

Biology / Medicine Animations HD. (2014, March 3). Process of Phagocytosis [HD Animation] [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4-g6tVyUAU.

Dakroub, R. N. (2011). Life and Earth Sciences (Basic Edition, Grade Eight ed.). Lebanon, Sin El Fil: Center for Educational Resarch and Development, Educational Company.

Non-Specific Immune Response

1- Natural Barriers:
The skin is impermeable to microbes and protects the body against infections. The mucousa such as that of the respiratory, digestive and urogenital tracts, is protected by various means: for example , nasal secretions tarp dust, gastric juices  destroy most bacteria, the urinary stream washes the urinary tract. (John H. Humphrey, 2014).

2- Inflammatory Reaction:
A skin lesion, such as a wound, a prick or a burn, may cause an infection. this will lead to a local inflammation which is revealed by the following sign:

• Redness and heat, due to a dilation of the capillaries and an increased blood flow to the areas
•  Pain, due to the stimulation of the skin nerves.
• swelling under the skin, or edema, due to a massive plasma leak out of the capillaries.

Substances secreted by the microbes and by the body attract granulocytes and monocytes.

These migrates through the capillary walls into the surrounding inflamed tissue. The Monocyte become macrophage (Dakroub, 2011).

The Inflammatory Response, 

(The Inflammatory Response [HD Animation], 2014)

Why You Are Still Alive - The Immune System Explained,

 From (Kurzgesagt - In a Nutshell, 2014)

References

John H. Humphrey, M. (2014). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved November 29, 2014, from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/283636/immune-system.


Dakroub, R. N. (2011). Life and Earth Sciences (Basic Edition, Grade Eight ed.). Lebanon, Sin El Fil: Center for Educational Resarch and Development, Educational Company.

Kurzgesagt - In a Nutshell. (2014, July 1). Why You Are Still Alive - The Immune System Explained [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQGOcOUBi6s.

The Inflammatory Response [HD Animation] [Video file]. (2014, March 6). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=426PDam1ey4